International Urology and Nephrology publishes original papers, as well as reviews of literature on interesting topics in the fields of urology and nephrology. The Journal provides a forum for scientific discourse on all renal and urologic disorders. The nephrology section of the Journal includes clinical nephrology, renal replacement therapy (dialysis and transplantation), experimental and translational nephrology. Interesting and novel case reports and case series are considered for publication as letters to the editor. Adult and geriatric nephrology are the areas of primary coverage. The urology section welcomes manuscripts in general and pediatric urology as well as all urologic sub-specialties. The main thrust of the publication is in significant observations in clinical urology and translational research but will consider reports in significant basic science research. Review articles, book reviews and letters to the editor are welcome. Case reports will only be considered in the form of letters to the editor.